Organizational Behavior, Dr. Pavlov Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Behavior, Dr. Pavlov - Essay Example Reinforcement means repeating a set pattern of actions, considering them pleasurable when doing so and doing it enough times for the body to bypass conscious evaluation of action and respond immediately with the set pattern that is linked to a stimuli. Pavlov's father was reinforcing him for priesthood after his accident. Athletes use reinforcement to prepare themselves, repeating the motions of their particular sport, enjoying the process even when they seem to be in physical plan and use repetition till the execution of the desire motion becomes second nature, this is reinforcement. Extinction is best explained like this. Constant exposure to a stimulus lowers its perceptible threat, given a new element is not introduced. Dr. Pavlov's indifference towards the danger of offending Stalin, who uncharacteristically didn't respond, explains extinction. The feeling of being annihilated is intense when the stimulus is new, but with constant exposure, the threat reduces and we feel safer. This is how children evolve from the fear of the boogeyman. With constant exposure to darkness (provided no one is trying to scare them), boogeyman does not feel so threatening anymore. The Pavlovian concept of discrimination is based on how a stimulus is evaluated and responded to, the response can be conditioned based on past experiences or unconditioned due to uncertainty on evaluating a new stimuli that has been introduced. Dr. Pavlov reprimanding his assistant for being late to the laboratory despite pitched battles taking place on the streets shows how he discriminated the situa tion differently from those around him. The most common examples of discrimination can be seen among people who have different preferences in music genres. An individual who prefers classical music like that of Mozart and Beethoven, discriminates the current hip hop scene very differently from one who lives off on such kind of music. Discrimination is based upon past conditioning and acquired response, but it can and does change over a period of time. Generalization, as the name suggests, is the perceptual experience of an uncommon situation, expressed through evaluation with past experiences. Dr. Pavlov's indifference to practicalities like taking care of his finances or personal safety, irrespective of penury or losing his son or on becoming a Nobel Prize winner and writing angry letters to Stalin, display his generalization towards practical matters. Most prominent generalizations are seen on television networks covering natural disasters like hurricanes. Before a hurricane hits shore, certain patterns are detectable, based on this predictions are made. Whenever a similar pattern emerges, a call for cover against hurricanes is called for; sometimes it is a false alarm. But generalizations have been made based on past data, assuming that when A = C, the chances of C happening when A manifests itself is highly probable, this is generalizing, the media conglomerates have understood this concept well and use it periodically and effectively.

Role of the Photography in Advertising Coursework

Role of the Photography in Advertising - Coursework Example In the formal education setting, the human brain is trained to pick apart the words they are reading in order to analyze texts. This process, though, does not hold true for their perception of photos and images. Through societal standards, we have grown used to accepting photos as truth without applying the analytical process used to comprehend texts. The human awareness of truth in photos has played a major part in the modern day trend of photo manipulations. In this progressively digital era, photos can be manipulated to portray an illusion of whatever the manipulator wants the photo to be. This can be especially predominant in print marketing, where the chief objective is to sway the yearnings or needs of a consumer using photos (Barry 1997, p. 23; Walden 2006, p. 18). In the technology savvy environment where most of our communication is done using imagery, it is challenging to comprehend of a medium more powerful than photos. With the establishment of photography within modern culture, the medium sits together with other forms of imagery, from which it has been created and which it has helped to create, standing as a purely denotative form (Stafford & Faber 2005, p. 57). Photography shares a comparable cultural space with advertising imagery, with the later often relying on the former to deliver its message, while at the same time determining the purpose of photo depiction. Photography and advertising share a mutual and co-dependent past and as such can legitimately be regarded as correlated constructs and forms.